Proizvodnja i sortiment pasulja u Srbiji

Abstract

Pasulj pripada varivima, poljoprivrednim kulturama iz porodice Fabaceae od kojih se, u ishrani ljudi, koristi suvo zrno. Cenjena je tradicionalna kao i savremena hrana i lek, izvor belančevina, visokoenergetska koncentrovana namirnica. Značajan je usev u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji mnogih zemalja, ekonomski isplativ i dobar predusev, kao i u međunarodnoj trgovini. Pasulj se smatra nacionalnim jelom svih naroda Balkanskog poluostrva, a u Srbiji je neprikosnoven. Ukrštanje važnih trgovačkih puteva, zemljišne i klimatske prilike, burna istorija ovih prostora, koja je uslovila česte migracije stanovništva, dovele su do velike divergencije germplazme pasulja na našim prostorima. Brojne domaće populacije pasulja predstavljaju izuzetan genetički potencijal za oplemenjivanje i stvaranje novih sorti koje bi mogle u ovim ekološkim uslovima, uz primenu odgovarajuće agrotehnike, dati zadovoljavajuće rezultate. U Srbiji površine pod pasuljem opadaju. Zbog kratke vegetacije i drugih bioloških osobina pasulj je vrlo intenzivan i osetljiv usev. To potencira i izuzetna osetljivost na polifagne insekte kao i prisustvo izazivača bakterijskih i virusnih bolesti. Na dosta nizak prosečan prinos po hektaru utiču i vremenski uslovi, pre svega visoke temperature i suša. Prinosi bi se mogli povećati pravilnom i pravovremenom primenom savremenih agronomskih saznanja, gajenjem u navodnjavanju, u združenom usevu ili setvom kao drugog useva.

Dry beans belong to pulses, species from Fabaceae family. Its dry grain is used in human nutrition. It is valued as traditional and modern food and medicine, protein source, and high-energy concentrated food. It is an important crop in agricultural production and international trade of many countries, economically viable and good preceding crop. Dry beans are considered the national dish of all people from Balkans, and it is inviolable in Serbia. Crossing of important trade routes, land and climate, turbulent history, which caused frequent population migrations, led to a great divergence of bean germplasm in our area. Domestic bean populations are exceptional genetic potential for breeding of new varieties that could give satisfactory results in these environmental conditions, with the application of appropriate cultivation technology. Areas under beans in Serbia are declining. Due to short vegetation and other biological traits, bean is very intensive and sensitive crop. This is emphasized by exceptional sensitivity to polyphagous insects, as well as the presence numerous pathogens. Low average yield is affected by weather, primarily high temperatures and drought. Yields could be increased by correct and timely application of modern agronomic knowledge, irrigated cultivation, in a joint crop or by sowing as second crop.