Biological and agro-ecological basics of wheat production

Abstract

In addition to the origin, history of breeding, geographical distribution and economic importance of wheat, it is also necessary to get acquainted with its phenology and basic biological requirements in order to develop optimal production technology. The realization of biological potential of wheat depends of a numerous agro-ecological factors and in order to achieve high yields and stable production it is crucial to determine its relation to agro-ecological factors, especially at certain stages of growth and development. This is an important prerequisite for successful production of wheat, in terms of proper planning and determination of technological operations and directions of breeding, as well as for realistic yield forecasting. In this paper, special emphasis is on agro-climatic factors in wheat production e.g. heat and water requirements as well as its reaction to temperature extremes and relation with the soil and air drought.

Pored porekla, istorijata gajenja, geografske rasprostranjenosti, te opšteg privrednog i ekonomskog značaja proizvodnje pšenice, u cilju dobrog poznavanja njene tehnologije gajenja neophodno je upoznati se sa njenom fenologijom i osnovnim biološkim zahtevima. Realizacija biološkog potencijala pšenice zavisi od brojnih agro-ekoloških faktora, te je za ostvarenje visokih prinosa i stabilne proizvodnje neophodno poznavanje njenog odnosa prema agroekološkim činiocima, naročito po pojedinim fazama rasta i razvića. Ovo je bitan preduslov kako za uspešno gajenje pšenice, u smislu pravilnog određivanja i planiranja pojedinih tehnoloških operacija i pravaca selekcije, tako i za realno planiranje i prognoziranje visine prinosa. U radu je posebno dat akcenat na agro-klimatskim faktorima u proizvodnji pšenice: potrebama za toplotom i odnosu prema temperaturnim ekstremima, te potrebama prema vodi i odnosu prema zemljišnoj i vazdušnoj suši.