Fungal leaf spot diseases of wheat-future perspectives

Abstract

The most important pathogens as causal agents of wheat leaf spot are Zymoseptoria tritici, Parastagonospora nodorum and Drechslera tritici-repentis. In Serbia, Z. tritici predominates over P. nodorum and D. tritici-repentis, which are considered as minor diseases of wheat. However, those pathogens cause high level of yield losses worldwide, and as consequence continuous monitoring of their occurrence is obligatory. All measures of integrated pest management including breeding for resistance, fungicide application and crop practices are considered to be important for control of leaf spot diseases of wheat. Bearing in mind that interaction between plant host and pathogens is continuously changing and that there is threat of growing resistance of these pathogens to triazoles and strobilurins, the need for breeding of superior varieties, and producing more effective fungicides are the main goals of programs related to management of leaf spot diseases of wheat.

Ekonomski najznačajnije pegavosti lista pšenice u svetu prouzrokuju patogeni Zymoseptoria tritici, Parastagonospora nodorum i Drechslera tritici-repentis. Na našim prostorima dominira prouzrokovač sive pegavosti lista pšenice Z. tritici, dok se ostali prouzrokovači pegavosti javljaju sporadično i za sada nemaju značajnu ulogu u proizvodnji pšenice. Ipak, s obzirom da se navedeni patogeni javljaju redovno u svetu i pričinjavaju ozbiljne štete usevima, njihovo kontinuirano praćenje i nadzor nameću se kao obaveza. Integralna zaštita useva, u okviru koje najznačajniju ulogu imaju oplemenjivanje na otpornost i upotreba fungicida predstavlja najobuhvatniji pristup kontrole navedenih patogena. S obzirom da je veoma teško postići dugotrajnu, efikasnu otpornost prema prouzrokovačima pegavosti lista, kao i na činjenicu da se u poslednjim godinama sve češće javlja rezistentnost ovih patogena prema fungicidima iz grupe triazola i strobilurina, potreba za konstantnom selekcijom otpornih sorti i razvojem fungicida ne jenjava. Pored navedenog, značajnu ulogu u kontroli ovih patogena ima i agrotehnika, a pre svega konvencionalna obrada zemljišta, plodored i adekvatna upotreba đubriva. Sve navedene mere od krucijalnog su značajna kako bi se prouzrokovač sive pegavosti lista pšenice držao pod kontrolom, a prouzrokovači sive pegavosti plevica i žutomrke pegavosti pšenice ostali marginalni patogeni pšenice.