Breeding and seed production of oil crops in Serbia

Abstract

The most frequent oil crops in Serbia today are sunflower and soybean, planted on over 200,000 ha each, followed by rapeseed, which increases significantly in surfaces. Black and white mustard, hemp, oil pumpkin, castor bean, flax, poppy, sesame and safflower are grown on smaller surfaces. In Serbia, a total of 355 varieties of oil plant species were on the variety list in 2017, out of which 188 were sunflower, 83 soybean and 71 rapeseed, followed by oil pumpkin, hemp, white and black mustard and castor bean. Among the domestic and foreign seed companies, the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Novi Sad prevails with 150 registered varieties. Camelina, flax, poppy and safflower are in the registration process. In the ten-year period 2008-2017, the seed production of oil crops averaged 9,955 ha per year, of which the highest were soybean (8,200 ha per year) and sunflower (1,732 ha per year), and on small areas: rapeseed, oil pumpkin, poppy and hemp. In the 2016/2017 season in Serbia, 19,657,116 kg of soybean, 1,666,267 kg of sunflower, 137,179 kg of rapeseed and small quantity of white mustard seed, cannabis and oil pumpkin seeds were certified (all seed categories). Over 86% of declared sunflower seed and over 94% of rapeseed is imported. Serbia belongs to bigger European producers of soy and sunflower, has favorable agroecological conditions for the cultivation of oil crops, long tradition of breeding, strong processing sector, quality human resources and capacities and developed system of state regulation in seed production. The advantages Serbia has in breeding, seed production and growing of oil crops, have not been adequately exploited.

Najzastupljenije uljane biljne vrste u Srbiji su suncokret i soja koje se gaje na preko 200.000 ha, sledi uljana repica čije površine značajno rastu. Na manjim površinama gaje se crna i bela slačica, konoplja, uljana tikva, ricinus, lan, mak, susam i šafranjika. U Srbiji je 2017. godine na listi priznatih sorti poljoprivrednog bilja bilo 355 sorti uljanih biljnih vrsta, od toga suncokreta 188, soje 83 i uljane repice 71, slede uljana tikva, konoplja, bela i crna slačica i ricinus. Među domaćim i stranim semenskim kućama dominira Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada sa 150 registrovanih sorti. U priznavanju su i lanik, lan, mak i šafranjika. U desetogodišnjem periodu 2008-2017, semenarstvo uljanih biljnih vrsta se u proseku odvijalo na 9.955 ha godišnje, od toga najviše soje (8.200 ha godišnje) i suncokreta (1.732 ha godišnje) i na malim površinama uljana repica, uljana tikva, mak i konoplja. U sezoni 2016/2017. u Srbiji je atestirano (svih kategorija semena) 19.657.116 kg soje, 1.666.267 kg suncokreta, 137.179 kg uljane repice i manje količine semena bele slačice, konoplje i uljane tikve. Preko 86% deklarisanog semena suncokreta i preko 94% semena uljane repice potiču iz uvoza. Srbija spada u veće evropske proizvođače soje i suncokreta, ima povoljne agroekološke uslove za gajenje uljanih biljnih vrsta, dugu tradiciju oplemenjivanja, jak prerađivački sektor, kvalitetne kadrove i kapacitete i razvijen sistem državne regulative u semenarstvu. Prednosti koje Srbija ima u oplemenjivanju, semenarstvu i gajenju uljanih biljnih vrsta nisu adekvatno iskorištene.