Lanik, mogućnosti u proizvodnji ulja i biogoriva

Abstract

Ova monografija daje opšti pregled proizvodnje i upotrebe lanika kao industrijske sirovine, pre svega, u proizvodnji biogoriva, a zatim i drugih visokovrednih proizvoda. Prvo, opisani su taksonomska klasifikacija, etimologija, poreklo, kvalitet semena, privredni značaj, morfološka, biološka i agronomska svojstva i tehnologija proizvodnje lanika. Zatim je ukratko predstavljeno stanje tehnologije u pogledu iskorišćenja genetičkih resursa lanika za istraživanje strukture i funkcije gena i metaboličkih puteva radi poboljšanja proizvodnje i kvaliteta ulja. Dalje, opisane su tradicionalne i aktuelne upotrebe lanika, uz prikaz mogućnosti njegovog korišćenja u biorafinerijama. U tehnološkom delu, analizirana je upotreba lanika kao energetskog useva u proizvodnji biodizela, mlaznog biogoriva, bioetanola i drugih vrsta biogoriva. U poglavlju koje se bavi proizvodnjom ulja razmatraju se tehnike dobijanja ulja iz semena lanika. Akcenat je stavljen na prethodnu obradu semena, tehnike izdvajanja ulja iz semena, optimizaciju, modelovanje kinetike i termodinamičku analizu procesa ekstrakcije ulja, kao i na sastav i fizičkohemijska svojstva ulja lanika. Nakon toga, kritički se razmatra proizvodnja biodizela od ulja lanika različitim katalitičkim i nekatalitičkim reakcijama transesterifikacije, uz poređenje njihove efikasnosti. Nadalje, razmatraju se fizičkohemijska i goriva svojstva biodizela kao transportnog goriva i emisije izduvnih gasova pri njegovom sagorevanju u motorima sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem, samostalno ili u mešavini sa dizel gorivom. U poglavlju koje se bavi proizvodnjom mlaznog biogoriva predstavljene su vrste i svojstva mlaznih goriva i biogoriva, osnovne sirovine za njihovu proizvodnju, aktuelne i tehnologije proizvodnje u razvoju. U posebnom poglavlju opisana je upotreba slame i pogače lanika kao čvrstog goriva, proizvodnja biogoriva pirolizom slame i pogače i katalitičkim krekovanjem ulja lanika. Razmotrena je, takođe, proizvodnja bioetanola u okviru jedne biorafinerije zasnovane na ukupnoj biomasi lanika. Na kraju, ukratko su analizirani tehnoekonomski, ekološki i sociološki aspekti gajenja, prerade i upotrebe lanika. Ova monografija pokazuje da lanik ima značajan potencijal za proizvodnju ne samo biogoriva nego i drugih visokovrednih proizvoda. Ona, takođe, ukazuje na potrebu za istraživanjima koja će biti usmerena ka boljem iskorišćenju ove biljne uljane sirovine za dobijanje biogoriva i širokog spektra proizvoda.

This monograph provides a general overview of the production and use of the camelina crop as an industrial raw material, first of all, in producing biofuels and other high-value products. First, the botanical classification, etymology, origin, seed quality, economic importance, morphological, biological, and agronomic properties, and technology of camelina production (crop rotation, tillage, plant nutrition, sowing, variety selection, weed, disease, and pest control, harvesting and storage) are described. Camelina has significant agronomic potential and a unique fatty acid composition, but seed yield and oil content must remain the main objectives of breeding to become more competitive compared to other widely distributed and cultivated oil plant species. Then, state-of-the-art regarding utilizing flax's genomic and genetic resources for manipulating genes and metabolic pathways to improve oil production and quality is briefly presented. Furthermore, the traditional and current uses and future refineries based on the integral use of camelina biomass are described. In the technological part, the use of flax as an energy crop in the production of biodiesel, jet biofuels, bioethanol, and other types of biofuels was analyzed. In the chapter dealing with oil production, the techniques of obtaining oil from flax seeds are discussed. Emphasis is placed on camelina seed pretreatment, oil extraction techniques, optimization, kinetics modeling, thermodynamic analysis of the oil extraction process, and composition and physicochemical properties of camelina oil. After that, the production of biodiesel from castor oil by different catalytic and non-catalytic transesterification reactions is critically discussed, with their efficiencies compared. Furthermore, the physicochemical and fuel properties of biodiesel as a transport fuel and the emissions of exhaust gases during its combustion in internal combustion engines, alone or in a mixture with diesel fuel, are considered. In the chapter dealing with jet biofuel production, the types and properties of jet fuels and biofuels, basic raw materials for their production, and current and developing production technologies are indicated. In a separate chapter, the use of straw and oil cake as solid fuel and biofuel production by pyrolysis of straw and cake and catalytic cracking of camelina oil is described. Bioethanol production within a biorefinery based on the total biomass of camelina was also considered. In the end, the techno-economic, ecological, and sociological aspects of camelina cultivation, processing, and use are briefly analyzed. This monograph shows that the camelina plant has a significant potential for the production of not only biofuels but also other highly valuable products. It also indicates the need for research to better utilize this oil raw material for obtaining biofuels and a wide range of products.