Use of wild species in sunflower species as an alternative to genetic transformations

Abstract

Cultivated sunflower is genetically narrow and deficient in many desirable genes. Its genetic variability can be increased using wild sunflower species and interspecific hybridization. Although a large number of problems are associated with interspecific hybridization, most can be overcome by the use of new biotechnology methods. Based on the wild species, sources of CMS and Rf genes have been discovered, enabling the development of sunflower hybrids. The wild species are of particular importance in sunflower breeding for resistance to diseases. Genes for resistance to downy mildew, powdery mildew, rust, Verticillium and Rhizopus have been found and incorporated into cultivated sunflower genotypes. Genes for high tolerance to Phomopsis Macrophomina, Phorna and Alternaria have been discovered as well. Wild sunflower species are also a potential source of resistance or tolerance to certain insects and have been used to increase cultivated sunflower tolerance of drought and salinity. Particular success has been achieved in using them to increase sunflower tolerance to herbicides (imidazolinones). They have been used with success in breeding for other characters and traits too. The wild species of the genus Helianthus can therefore be used successfully as an alternative to genetic transformations in sunflower breeding.

Gajeni suncokret je genetički uzak i deficitaran u većem broju poželjnih gena. Povećanje genetičke varijabilnosti kod gajenog suncokreta je moguće povećati putem korišćenja divljih vrsta i interspecies hibridizacije. Postoji velik broj problema u interspecies hibridizaciji. Većina ovih problema se može prevazići korišćenjem novih metoda biotehnologije. Na bazi divljih vrsta otkriveni su izvori CMS-a i Rf-gena i time omogućeno stvaranje hibrida suncokreta. Poseban značaj divlje vrste imaju u oplemenjivanju suncokreta na otpornost prema bolestima. Pronađeni su geni i ugrađeni u genotipove gajenog suncokreta za otpornost prema plamenjači, pepelnici, rđi Verticillium-u, Rhizopus-u. Otkriveni su geni za visoku tolerantnost prema Pliomopsis, Macrophomina, PhomaiAlternaria. Divlje vrste su potencijalni izvor i za otpornost ili tolerantnost prema određenim insektima. Na osnovu divljih vrsta povećana je tolerantnost gajenog suncokreta prema suši i zaslanjenosti. Poseban uspeh je postignut kod korišćenja divljih vrsta u povećanju tolerantnosti suncokreta prema herbicidima (imidazolinonima). Divlje vrste suncokreta se koriste uspešno u oplemenjivanju i na druge osobine i svojstva. Znači, da divlje vrste roda Helianthus služe kao uspešna alternativa genetičkim transformacijama u oplemenjivanju suncokreta.