Good technological quality and stable yields: The main objectives of barley breeding at the Novi Sad institute

Abstract

The paper describes malting and forage barley breeding at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad with particular emphasis on technological quality. Breeding for yield for the most part involves efforts to improve certain characters that either directly or indirectly contribute to an increase of the genetic base for yield all the while trying to maintain a harmonious relationship among the various yield components as well as between yield and technological quality. When trying to improve yield, the recommendation is to increase total biomass while maintaining the maximum harvest index. At moderate temperatures and sufficient moisture, spring malting barley gives better malt than the winter one. In areas with moisture deficits and uneven distribution of precipitation in spring and early summer, on the other hand, it is winter barley that has better technological characteristics and higher and more stable yields. Because of this, these two types of malting barley should be grown on approximately the same acreage in Yugoslavia. Winter malting barley, both six and two-rowed one, should have high and stable yields, a high protein content, and a favorable amino acid composition. The ideal genotype for our agro-ecological conditions should be characterized by high-intensity grain fill of moderate duration. Increasing tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses and disease resistance indirectly increases the yields, technological quality, and adaptability of barley.

U radu je dat prikaz oplemenjivanja pivskog i stočnog ječma u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad sa posebnim osvrtom na tehnološki kvalitet. U oplemenjivanju na prinos uglavnom se nastoje poboljšati pojedine osobine koje direktno ili indirektno doprinose povećanju genetičke osnove za prinos. Pri tome se vodi računa o zadržavanju harmoničnog odnosa između komponenti prinosa kao i između prinosa i tehnološkog kvaliteta. Kod povećanja prinosa predlaže se povećanje ukupne biomase uz zadržavanje maksimalnog žetvenog indeksa. Jari pivski ječam u uslovima umerenih temperatura i dovoljne količine vlage daje bolji slad od ozimog, dok u područjima sa deficitom vlage i neravnomernim rasporedom padavina tokom proleća i početkom leta ozimi pivski ječam uglavnom ima bolje tehnološke osobine i veći i stabilniji prinos od jarog. Zbog toga ove dve forme pivskog ječma u Jugoslaviji treba da zauzmu približno iste setvene površine. Ozimi stočni ječam, šestoredi ili dvoredi, treba da se odlikuje visokim i stabilnim prinosom sa visokim sadržajem proteina i povoljnim odnosom aminokiselina. Genotip namenjen našim agroekološkim uslovima treba da se odlikuje visokim intezitetom i umerenom dužinom nalivanja zrna. Povećanje tolerantnosti na abiotičke i biotičke stresove i otpornosti na bolesti indirektno doprinose povećanju prinosa, tehnološkog kvaliteta i adaptabilnosti ječma.