The influence of scientific farming measures on soil bulk density

Abstract

The aim of this research was to consider the influence of certain farming measures on soil compaction that is on the soil volume. The implementation of this farming measure would enable an increase in production and reduction of soil compaction. The soil volume expressed in Mg m-3 was determined by Kopecky cylinder. The soil volume was used for determining soil compaction due to its indirect relation to soil porosity. The soil samples were taken in the period of fertilization at the distance of 1m from the left side of the permanent tracks, and after the period of harvest they were taken at the distance of 1 m from the right side of the wheel tracks, and from the central part of the headland. The same method was used for the inner part of the parcel. The soil volume was determined at the depth of 0-30 cm. The measurement was conducted in spring, prior to fertilization and at the end of vegetation, that is, after the harvest of winter barley. Standard technology, employing plows for the basic soil tillage, was used in the production of winter barley and was applied in the first, control field. The pre-cultivar was sunflower. Certain farming measures were applied upon sunflower harvesting and before soil plowing. Every experimental field was 18 m wide and 100 m long. There were seven experimental fields, in three replicates, on the headland and inner part of the parcel: - the first field was the control one without any applied measures, - in the second fled, subsoiler was used for the basic soil tillage instead of a plow, - in the third field, the plow was used but 50 t/ha of manure was spread out, - in the fourth field, the plow was used and 200 kg/ha of mineral fertilizer was spread out, - in the fifth field, subsoiler was used and 50 t/ha of manure was spread out, - in the sixth field, subsoiler was used and 200 kg/ha of mineral fertilizer was spread out, - in the seventh field, the plow was used and the soil was fertilized with microbiological fertilizer. Tractor system was designed in such a way so that tractor wheels could overlap on the parcel. Accordingly, 18 m wide field was chosen since the working area of wheat seed drill was 6 m, and working area for mineral fertilizer spreading machine and field sprayer was 18 m. The soil compaction on the headlands prior to fertilization was 9.66% higher in comparison to the inner part, while after the harvest, this difference was 17.30%. The lowest soil volume was measured on the third and fifth field, before fertilization and after the harvest. These fields were fertilized by manure, which clearly indicates that the spreading the manure is an appropriate farming measure for the reduction of soil compaction. If applied for a year, the influence of other farming measures cannot lead to significant changes in soil volume.

U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja uticaja agrotehničkih mera na sabijenost zemljišta, odnosno zapreminsku masu zemljišta na uvratini i unutrašnjem delu parcele. Za proizvodnju ozimog ječma primenjena je klasična tehnologija kod koje se osnovna obrada obavlja plugovima i ona je primenjena na prvom, odnosno kontrolnom polju. Nakon ubiranja suncokreta, a pre oranja zemljišta primenjene su odgovarajuće agrotehničke mere. Agrotehničke mere obuhvatile su primenu razrivača, svinjskog stajnjaka, mineralnog đubriva i mikrobiloškog đubriva na 7 različitih polja u tri ponavljanja. Zapreminska masa merena je pre prihrane i nakon ubiranja ozimog ječma. Sabijenost zemljišta na uvratinama pre prihrane bila je za 9,66% veća u odnosu na unutrašnji deo, dok je nakon ubiranja razlika bila veća i iznosi 17,30%. Najmanje vrednosti zapreminske mase zemljišta izmerene su pre prihrane i posle ubiranja na poljima 3 i 5, gde je unet stajnjak, što jasno ukazuje da je unošenje stajnjaka prava agrotehnička mera za smanjenje sabijenosti zemljišta. Uticaj ostalih agrotehničkih mera ne može da dovede do značajnih promena u zapreminskoj masi zemljišta ako se primene jednu godinu.