Use of molecular markers, protoplast fusion, and genetic transformations in sunflower breeding

Abstract

Sunflower breeders both home and abroad have achieved significant results. Productive hybrids based on cytoplasmic sterility have been developed. Genes for resistance to Puccinia helianthi, Plasmopara halstedii, Verticilium dahlie, and Orobanche cumana have been discovered in the wild species and incorporated into the cultivated sunflower genotypes using interspecific hybridization. Further progress in sunflower breeding will be closely connected with the use of molecular markers (RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and microsatellites), protoplast fusion, and genetic transformations. Use of molecular markers for a more rapid and efficient attainment of breeding objectives is well under way abroad. It has already produced concrete results in breeding for resistance to Puccinia helianthi, Plasmopara halstedii, and Orobanche cumana and breeding for oil quality. The Novi Sad sunflower breeding program has begun utilizing molecular markers for resistance to Phomopsis, tolerance to drought, and altering oil quality. Somatic hybridization by protoplast fusion is used in the NS program to introduce resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from a H. maximiliani population. Several institutions in the world have started using genetic transformations in sunflower breeding for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phomopsis Diaporthe helianthi, and total herbicides.

Oplernenjivači suncokreta u svetu i kod nas postigli su značajne rezultate. Stvoreni su produktivni hibridi na bazi citoplazmatske sterilnosti. Pronađeni su geni za otpornost prema Puccinia helianthi, Plasmopara halstedii, Verticilium dahlie, Ombanche cumana u divljim vrstama i ugrađeni putem interspecies hibridizacije u genotipove gajenog suncokreta. Dalji napredak u oplemenjivanju suncokreta usko je povezan sa korišćenjem molekularnih markera (RFLP, RAPD, AFLP i mikrosatelita), fuzijom protoplasta i genetskim transformacijama. U svetu se uveliko koriste molekularni markera za ubrzavanje i efikasno postizanje oplemenjivačkih ciljeva. Praktični rezultati su postignuti primenom molekularnih markera u oplemenjivanju na otpornost prema Puccinia helianthi, Plasmopara halstedii, Orobanche cumana i oplemenjivanju na kvalitet ulja. U novosadskom programu oplemenjivanja suncokreta započeto je korišćenje molekularnih markera prema Phomopsis/Diaporthe helianthi, tolerantnosti prema suši i izmeni kvaliteta ulja. Somatska hibridizacija putem fuzije protoplasta se koristi u novosadskom programu kod unošenja otpornosti prema Sclerotinia sclerotiomm iz populacije H. maximiliani. Nekoliko institucija u svetu počelo je da koristi genetske transformacije u oplemenjivanju suncokreta na otpornost prema Sclerotinia sclerotiomm, Phomopsisu i otpornosti suncokreta prema totalnim herbicidima.