Microbiological fertilizer use and study of biological activity for soil protection purposes

Abstract

Microorganisms are widely spread around nature in the soil, water and air as well as on plants and animals and are a crucial link in the chain of matter circulation on the planet. They are the most important component of the biological soil phase and an important indicator of soil fertility and soil degradation. Soil microbiological processes are dependant on the organic matter content, while the fertility of a given soil type is connected with the activity of its microflora. Knowing the metabolism of a microorganism enables the direction of microbiological processes by application of useful microorganisms to maintain and enhance soil biological activity, i.e. soil biogenicity. An increase of acreage in legumes requires that a wider use of microbiological fertilizers to maintain and increase soil fertility be considered. Results of legume nitrogen fixation suggest that fixed nitrogen makes a large annual contribution to yield, which justifies the use of highly effective strains in microbiological fertilizers, enables the replacement of nitrogen from mineral fertilizer with biological nitrogen and has economic and environmental effects as well. The incorporation of microorganisms causes no soil pollution, reduces the use of mineral nitrogen fertilizer, contributes to the production of environmentally safe food improves the soil structure, increases the organic matter content and positively affects physical soil properties.

Mikroorganizmi su široko rasprostranjeni u prirodi u zemljištu, vodi vazduhu, na i u biljkama i životinjama i oni su nezaobilazna karika u kruženju materija na našoj planeti. Najznačajnija komponenta biološke faze zemljišta su mikroorganizmi koji su važan indikator plodnosti i procesa degradacije zemljišta. Mikrobiološki procesi u zemljištu uslovljeni su sadržajem organske materije, a plodnost svakog tipa zemljišta je vezana sa aktivnošću njene mikroflore. Poznavanjem metabolizma mikroorganizama, mogu se usmeriti mikrobiološki procesi tako što će se primenom korisnih mikrooragizama održati i poboljšati biološka aktivnost, odnosno biogenost zemljišta. Širenje površina pod leguminozama zahteva razmišljanje o široj primeni mikrobioloških đubriva u cilju očuvanja i povećanja plodnosti zemljišta. Rezultat azotofiksacije leguminoznih biljaka pokazuje da je godišnji udeo fiksiranog azota u prinosu veliki, što opravdava primenu visokoefektivnih sojeva u mikrobiološkim đubrivima, omogućuje zamenu azota iz mineralnog đubriva biološkim azotom, a ima i ekonomski i ekološki efekat. Unetim mikroorganizmima ne zagađuje se zemljište, smanjuje se upotreba mineralnih azotnih đubriva, doprinosi proizvodnji ekološki zdrave hrane poboljšava struktura zemljišta, povećava sadržaj organske materije i pozitivno utiče na fizičke osobine zemljišta.