TY  - JOUR
AU  - Zheljazkov, Valtcho D.
AU  - Sikora, Vladimir
AU  - Semerdjieva, Ivanka B.
AU  - Kacaniova, Miroslava
AU  - Astatkie, Tess
AU  - Dincheva, Ivayla
PY  - 2020
UR  - http://fiver.ifvcns.rs/handle/123456789/2043
AB  - The hypothesis of this study was that we can modify the essential oil (EO) profile of hemp (Cannabis sativaL.) and obtain fractions with differential composition and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of grinding of hemp biomass before EO extraction and fractionation during distillation on EO profile and antimicrobial activity. The study generated a several EO fractions with a diversity of chemical profile and antimicrobial activity. The highest concentrations of beta-pinene and myrcene in the EO can be obtained in the 5-10 min distillation time (DT) of ground material or in the 80-120 min DT of nonground material. High delta-3-carene and limonene EO can be obtained from 0-5 min DT fraction of nonground material. High eucalyptol EO can be sampled either in the 0-5 min DT of the ground material or in the 80-120 min of nonground material. Overall, the highest concentrations of beta-caryophyllene,alpha-(E)-bergamotene, (Z)-beta-farnesene,alpha-humulene, caryophyllenyl alcohol, germacrene D-4-ol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide 2,beta-bisabolol,alpha-bisabolol, sesquiterpenes, and cannabidiol (CBD) can be obtained when EO is sampled in the 80-120 min DT and the material is nonground. Monoterpenes in the hemp EO can be increased twofold to 85% by grinding the material prior to distillation and collecting the EO in the first 10 min. However, grinding resulted in a slight but significant decrease in the CBD concentration of the EO. CBD-rich oil can be produced by collecting at 120-180 min DT. Different EO fractions had differential antimicrobial activity. The highest antimicrobial activity of EO fraction was found againstStaphylococcus aureussubsp.aureus. THC-free EO can be obtained if the EO distillation is limited to 120 min. The results can be utilized by the hemp processing industry and by companies developing new hemp EO-infused products, including perfumery, cosmetics, dietary supplements, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
PB  - Basel : MDPI
T2  - Molecules
T1  - Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity
IS  - 17
VL  - 25
DO  - 10.3390/molecules25173943
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Zheljazkov, Valtcho D. and Sikora, Vladimir and Semerdjieva, Ivanka B. and Kacaniova, Miroslava and Astatkie, Tess and Dincheva, Ivayla",
year = "2020",
abstract = "The hypothesis of this study was that we can modify the essential oil (EO) profile of hemp (Cannabis sativaL.) and obtain fractions with differential composition and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of grinding of hemp biomass before EO extraction and fractionation during distillation on EO profile and antimicrobial activity. The study generated a several EO fractions with a diversity of chemical profile and antimicrobial activity. The highest concentrations of beta-pinene and myrcene in the EO can be obtained in the 5-10 min distillation time (DT) of ground material or in the 80-120 min DT of nonground material. High delta-3-carene and limonene EO can be obtained from 0-5 min DT fraction of nonground material. High eucalyptol EO can be sampled either in the 0-5 min DT of the ground material or in the 80-120 min of nonground material. Overall, the highest concentrations of beta-caryophyllene,alpha-(E)-bergamotene, (Z)-beta-farnesene,alpha-humulene, caryophyllenyl alcohol, germacrene D-4-ol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide 2,beta-bisabolol,alpha-bisabolol, sesquiterpenes, and cannabidiol (CBD) can be obtained when EO is sampled in the 80-120 min DT and the material is nonground. Monoterpenes in the hemp EO can be increased twofold to 85% by grinding the material prior to distillation and collecting the EO in the first 10 min. However, grinding resulted in a slight but significant decrease in the CBD concentration of the EO. CBD-rich oil can be produced by collecting at 120-180 min DT. Different EO fractions had differential antimicrobial activity. The highest antimicrobial activity of EO fraction was found againstStaphylococcus aureussubsp.aureus. THC-free EO can be obtained if the EO distillation is limited to 120 min. The results can be utilized by the hemp processing industry and by companies developing new hemp EO-infused products, including perfumery, cosmetics, dietary supplements, food, and pharmaceutical industries.",
publisher = "Basel : MDPI",
journal = "Molecules",
title = "Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity",
number = "17",
volume = "25",
doi = "10.3390/molecules25173943"
}

Zheljazkov, V. D., Sikora, V., Semerdjieva, I. B., Kacaniova, M., Astatkie, T.,& Dincheva, I.. (2020). Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity. in Molecules
Basel : MDPI., 25(17).
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173943

Zheljazkov VD, Sikora V, Semerdjieva IB, Kacaniova M, Astatkie T, Dincheva I. Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity. in Molecules. 2020;25(17).
doi:10.3390/molecules25173943 .

Zheljazkov, Valtcho D., Sikora, Vladimir, Semerdjieva, Ivanka B., Kacaniova, Miroslava, Astatkie, Tess, Dincheva, Ivayla, "Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity" in Molecules, 25, no. 17 (2020),
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173943 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Zheljazkov, Valtcho D.
AU  - Sikora, Vladimir
AU  - Dincheva, Ivayla
AU  - Kacaniova, Miroslava
AU  - Astatkie, Tess
AU  - Semerdjieva, Ivanka B.
AU  - Latković, Dragana
PY  - 2020
UR  - http://fiver.ifvcns.rs/handle/123456789/2029
AB  - Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is currently one of the most controversial and promising crops. This study compared nine wild hemp (C. sativa spp. spontanea V.) accessions with 13 registered cultivars, eight breeding lines, and one cannabidiol (CBD) hemp strain belonging to C. sativa L. The first three groups had similar main essential oil (EO) constituents, but in different concentrations; the CBD hemp had a different EO profile. The concentration of the four major constituents in the industrial hemp lines and wild hemp accessions varied as follows: beta-caryophyllene 11-22% and 15.4-29.6%; alpha-humulene 4.4-7.6% and 5.3-11.9%; caryophyllene oxide 8.6-13.7% and 0.2-31.2%; and humulene epoxide 2, 2.3-5.6% and 1.2-9.5%, respectively. The concentration of CBD in the EO of wild hemp varied from 6.9 to 52.4% of the total oil while CBD in the EO of the registered cultivars varied from 7.1 to 25%; CBD in the EO of the breeding lines and in the CBD strain varied from 6.4 to 25% and 7.4 to 8.8%, respectively. The concentrations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the EO of the three groups of hemp were significantly different, with the highest concentration being 3.5%. The EO of wild hemp had greater antimicrobial activity compared with the EO of registered cultivars. This is the first report to show that significant amounts of CBD could be accumulated in the EO of wild and registered cultivars of hemp following hydro-distillation. The amount of CBD in the EO can be greater than that in the EO of the USA strain used for commercial production of CBD. Furthermore, this is among the first reports that show greater antimicrobial activity of the EO of wild hemp vs. the EO of registered cultivars. The results suggest that wild hemp may offer an excellent opportunity for future breeding and the selection of cultivars with a desirable composition of the EO and possibly CBD-rich EO production.
PB  - Basel : MDPI
T2  - Molecules
T1  - Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity?
IS  - 20
VL  - 25
DO  - 10.3390/molecules25204631
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Zheljazkov, Valtcho D. and Sikora, Vladimir and Dincheva, Ivayla and Kacaniova, Miroslava and Astatkie, Tess and Semerdjieva, Ivanka B. and Latković, Dragana",
year = "2020",
abstract = "Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is currently one of the most controversial and promising crops. This study compared nine wild hemp (C. sativa spp. spontanea V.) accessions with 13 registered cultivars, eight breeding lines, and one cannabidiol (CBD) hemp strain belonging to C. sativa L. The first three groups had similar main essential oil (EO) constituents, but in different concentrations; the CBD hemp had a different EO profile. The concentration of the four major constituents in the industrial hemp lines and wild hemp accessions varied as follows: beta-caryophyllene 11-22% and 15.4-29.6%; alpha-humulene 4.4-7.6% and 5.3-11.9%; caryophyllene oxide 8.6-13.7% and 0.2-31.2%; and humulene epoxide 2, 2.3-5.6% and 1.2-9.5%, respectively. The concentration of CBD in the EO of wild hemp varied from 6.9 to 52.4% of the total oil while CBD in the EO of the registered cultivars varied from 7.1 to 25%; CBD in the EO of the breeding lines and in the CBD strain varied from 6.4 to 25% and 7.4 to 8.8%, respectively. The concentrations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the EO of the three groups of hemp were significantly different, with the highest concentration being 3.5%. The EO of wild hemp had greater antimicrobial activity compared with the EO of registered cultivars. This is the first report to show that significant amounts of CBD could be accumulated in the EO of wild and registered cultivars of hemp following hydro-distillation. The amount of CBD in the EO can be greater than that in the EO of the USA strain used for commercial production of CBD. Furthermore, this is among the first reports that show greater antimicrobial activity of the EO of wild hemp vs. the EO of registered cultivars. The results suggest that wild hemp may offer an excellent opportunity for future breeding and the selection of cultivars with a desirable composition of the EO and possibly CBD-rich EO production.",
publisher = "Basel : MDPI",
journal = "Molecules",
title = "Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity?",
number = "20",
volume = "25",
doi = "10.3390/molecules25204631"
}

Zheljazkov, V. D., Sikora, V., Dincheva, I., Kacaniova, M., Astatkie, T., Semerdjieva, I. B.,& Latković, D.. (2020). Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity?. in Molecules
Basel : MDPI., 25(20).
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204631

Zheljazkov VD, Sikora V, Dincheva I, Kacaniova M, Astatkie T, Semerdjieva IB, Latković D. Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity?. in Molecules. 2020;25(20).
doi:10.3390/molecules25204631 .

Zheljazkov, Valtcho D., Sikora, Vladimir, Dincheva, Ivayla, Kacaniova, Miroslava, Astatkie, Tess, Semerdjieva, Ivanka B., Latković, Dragana, "Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity?" in Molecules, 25, no. 20 (2020),
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204631 . .